Integration of Iran-backed armed groups into the Iraqi and Syrian armed forces: implications for stability in Iraq and Syria

Since 2018, an increasing number of Iran-backed armed groups have started to be integrated into the Syrian and Iraqi official forces. The integration allows Tehran enjoy a multi-layered, longer-term, potentially less expensive influence in Iraq Syria. Besides, underlying ideological ideational ties between Iran continue affect their strategic choices. Meanwhile, order preserve its ability directly impact developments, continues support array smaller militias outside state structures. This indicates shifting pattern Iran’s regional network, from relying predominantly on non-state actors enjoying more complex set semi-state allies. consolidation this model could considerable implications for Syria: 1- Dual loyalties states will make it difficult form inclusive government promote national unity; 2- Anti-American anti-Israeli elements forces’ structure prevent establishing better with US or Israel; 3- concern rivals over expansion Tehran’s Syria turns two countries theater confrontations.